Steven Vertovec
Berlin Multikulti: Germany, 'foreigners' and 'world-openness' [Abstract]

Jaak Billiet, Rob Eisinga and Peer Scheepers
Ethnocentrism in the Low Countries: a comparative perspective [Abstract]

Wolfgang Seifert
Occupational and social integration of new immigrant groups in Germany [Abstract]

Prodromos I. Panayiotopoulos
Challenging orthodoxies: Cypriot entrepreneurs in the London garment industry [Abstract]

Karen Duke
The resettlement experiences of refugees in the UK: main findings from an interview study [Abstract]

Mark Israel
The 'strangest of minorities': the shifting visibility of South African post-war migration to Britain [Abstract]

Aneez Esmail, Paul Nelson and Sam Everington
Ethnic differences in applications to United Kingdom medical schools between 1990-1992
(New Community Vol. 22 No. 3: 495-506)

Michael Banton
European policy report
(New Community Vol. 22 No. 3: 507-512)

John Salt and James A. Clarke
European Migration Report
(New Community Vol. 22 No. 3: 513-529)

Ruben Gowricharn
Immigration and unemployment: the Dutch debate
(New Community Vol. 22 No. 3: 531-537)

Folke J. Glastra and Petra E. Schedler
Opportunities, obligations and the market imperative
(New Community Vol. 22 No. 3: 539-544)

Berlin Multikulti: Germany, 'foreigners' and 'world-openness'
Steven Vertovec

Abstract As post-reunification Berlin rebuilds as the capital of Germany, as one powerbase in federal Europe, as a gateway to Eastern Europe and as, in many respects, a global city, a number of important public initiatives have emerged by way of what can be called – rightly or wrongly – multi-culturalism. Many such initiatives have gained particular urgency following the events in Solingen and M'lln, seeking not only to oppose racism, but to encourage greater general acceptance of new flows of people and cultural phenomena. Within a total population of 3.5 million persons in Berlin, so-called 'foreigners' (Ausländer) account for 12 per cent or over 406,600. This article concerns initiatives of three major bodies concerned with the representation of 'foreigners' or ethnic minorities in the public sphere in Berlin. Initiatives by the Commissioner for Foreigners' Affairs (Ausländerbeauftragte), the Workshop of Cultures (Werkstatt der Kulturen), and the new public broadcasting station 'SFB4 Radio Multikulti' are examined and discussed in light of how they seek to alter the representation of ethnic minorities in public space, to dispose of a range of common terms concerning such minorities B including Ausländer ('foreigners'), Gastarbeiter ('guest-workers'), Zuwanderer ('migrants'), hierlebende Nichtdeutsche ('here-living-non-Germans'), to deconstruct the idea of 'German-ness' itself, and to develop a widespread sense of Weltoffenheit ('liberal mindedness/cosmopolitanism' or, literally translated, 'world-openness').

(New Community Vol. 22 No.3: 381-399, © Carfax Publishing Ltd.)

Ethnocentrism in the Low Countries: a comparative perspective
Jaak Billiet, Rob Eisinga and Peer Scheepers

Abstract This study explores differences of ethnocentrism and related phenomena in the Netherlands and Flanders on the basis of two comparable surveys conducted in 1990 and 1991. The explanatory models derived from theories of ethnocentrism are largely confirmed. People in Flanders subscribe more strongly to both components of ethnocentrism (i.e. to an unfavourable attitude towards out-groups and to a favourable attitude towards the in-group) as well as to a number of its predictors such as authoritarianism, anomie, and social cultural localism. The interpretations of these findings involve historical processes, intergroup tensions, economic fluctuations, and the organisational embeddedness of right-wing extremism in the Netherlands and in Flanders.

(New Community Vol. 22 No.3: 401-416, © Carfax Publishing Ltd.)

Occupational and social integration of new immigrant groups in Germany
Wolfgang Seifert

Abstract Mediterranean immigrants still hold the lower positions in the German labour market. Their employment profile is clearly different from that of German wage earners and salaried employees. The proportion of immigrants employed as unskilled or semi-skilled workers in 1993 was 60 per cent. Between 1984 and 1994 the occupational mobility of immigrants was relatively low. The situation of the second generation of immigrants has clearly improved. In small proportions they even found access to attractive jobs in the service sector. Compared to Germans of the same age group their occupational success is still limited, however. The social situation of immigrants is characterised by increasing segregation. The Mediterranean immigrants have prepared for a permanent or long-term stay in Germany but identify as members of their own ethnic community rather than as Germans. Immigrants who have entered into Germany in the 1980s and 1990s have higher qualifications than Mediterranean immigrants. The access to and the position in the West German labour market depends strongly on the immigrants' legal status. Prospects appear to be best East Germans with access to the labour market being more difficult for ethnic Germans and for foreign immigrants. The period of entry is also significant in terms of the labour market integration. Conditions are worse for the most recent arrivals.

(New Community Vol. 22 No.3: 417-436, © Carfax Publishing Ltd.)

Challenging orthodoxies: Cypriot entrepreneurs in the London garment industry
Prodromos I. Panayiotopoulos

Abstract The issues of minority enterprise and the 'enclave economy' have been subjected anon-going and vigorous debate on both sides of the Atlantic. This article traces the evolution ofsome of the concepts applied in the analyses of minorities and their economic activities. Evidence is offered from a study of Cypriot entrepreneurs in the highly ethnically heterogeneous London garment industry. It is argued that this sectoral focus may be of more significance in defining economic activity than any particular characteristic associated with ethnic identity. It is also argued that the conceptualisation of ethnic capital as either a collective 'survival-mechanism' in the face of disadvantage or as an 'effective vehicle' for the upward mobility of an ethnic group, may result in the adoption of a community compliance model and an insensitivity to tensions inside ethnic communities. An alternative approach is presented which investigates processes of economic and social differentiation in the relationship between the London garment industry and the positioning and re-positioning of an immigrant group.

(New Community Vol. 22 No.3: 437-460, © Carfax Publishing Ltd.)

The resettlement experiences of refugees in the UK: main findings from an interview study
Karen Duke

Abstract This article is based on research commissioned by the Home Office Research andPlanning Unit on the settlement of refugees in the UK (Carey-Wood et al. 1995). The study was the first systematic national assessment of the experiences of non-quota refugees or those who arrive in the UK before seeking asylum. The research entailed interviews with 263 refugees of different nationalities, resident in various locations throughout Britain. It was carried out in full consultation with refugee community groups and the major agencies dealing with refugees. The survey focused on the extent to which refugees had been successful in obtaining employment, using educational and training opportunities, and securing suitable accommodation. In addition, it explored the general problems refugees experience in adjusting to their new social and economic environment. This article will highlight and discuss the main findings of this study.

(New Community Vol. 22 No.3: 461-478, © Carfax Publishing Ltd.)

The 'strangest of minorities': the shifting visibility of South African post-war migration to Britain
Mark Israel

Abstract The debates about immigration to the United Kingdom, although couched in numerical terms have generally been about the quality or 'race' of the immigrants. Research into race and racial relations has bought into this racialised discourse and has ignored migration from the Old Commonwealth. This has distorted our understanding on the effect of British immigration policies. The discourse has allowed South African migrants to be signified as non-immigrants. In general, this has enabled them to evade the censures and the restrictions that have been targeted at would-be and actual immigrants. Where this social invisibility has been thwarted, a strong political presence has allowed a resourceful, educated, informed group to evade immigration restrictions often with the connivance of British immigration bureaucracy.