Volume 23 Number 2 April 1997

Special issue: Incorporating migrants in multicultural societies: issues of citizenship and integration

Christopher G.A. Bryant
Citizenship, national identity and the accommodation of difference: reflections on the German, French, Dutch and British cases [Abstract]

Adrian Favell
Citizenship and immigration: pathologies of a progressive philosophy [Abstract]

Daiva K. Stasiulis
International migration, rights, and the decline of 'actually existing liberal democracy' [Abstract]

Hassan Bousetta
Citizenship and political participation in France and the Netherlands: reflections on two local cases [Abstract]

John Edwards
On what ‘ought’ to be : the flaw in employment equality practice for minorities [Abstract]

Hermann Kurthen
The Canadian experience with multiculturalism and employment equity: lessons for Europe [Abstract]

Harald Waldrauch and Christoph Hofinger
An index to measure the legal obstacles to the integration of migrants [Abstract]

Roger Zegers de Beijl
John Wrench, Preventing Racism at the Workplace

Jan Rath
Roger Waldinger and Mehdi Bozorgmehr (Eds), Ethnic Los Angeles

Robert Kloosterman
Roger Waldinger, Still the Promised City?; African-Americans and New Immigrants in Postindustrial New York

Jan Nederveen Pieterse
Sally Ledger and Scott Mccracken (Eds), Cultural Politics at the Fin de Siecle
David Richards, Masks of Difference: Literature, Anthropology, Art

Marco van der Land
Ian Taylor, Karen Evans and Penny Fraser, A Tale of Two Cities: Global Change, Local Feeling and Everyday Life and the North of England: A Study in Manchester and Sheffleld

Glenn Limon
Patrick Du Phuoc Long with Laura Ricard, The Dream Shattered: Vietnamese Gangs in America

Jeroen Doomernik
Barbara Daly Metcalff (Ed.) Making Muslim Space

Sudhir Venkatesh
Philippe I. Bourgois, In search of respect: selling crack in El Barrio
Daniel J. Monti, Wannabe; Gangs in Suburbs and Schools
Jay McLeod, Ain't No Makin' It; Aspirations & Attainment in a Low-Income Neighborhood

John Fulto
John Edwards, Affirmative Action in a Sectarian Society: Fair Employment in Northern Ireland

Arthur Kosten
Wolfgang Seifert, Die Mobilität der Migranten: Die berufliche, ökonomische und soziale Stellung ausländischer Arbeitnehmer in der Bundesrepublik; eine Längsschnittanalyse mit dem socio-ökonomischen Panel, 1984-1989

Citizenship, national identity and the accommodation of difference: reflections on the German, French, Dutch and British cases
Christopher G.A. Bryant

Abstract This article is about the constitution of citizenries. It describes, and seeks to explain, differences in the civil societies of four ethnic and civic nation-states in Western Europe and their principles of inclusion and exclusion. Attention is given to the ethnic nation and exclusion in Germany, the civic nation and assimilation in France, the civic nation and pluralism in the Netherlands, and the civic nation and ‘pragmatism’ in Britain.

(New Community Vol. 23 No. 2: 157-172, © Carfax Publishing Ltd.)

Citizenship and immigration: pathologies of a progressive philosophy
Adrian Favell

Abstract Across Western Europe and North America, ideas about citizenship have become central to understanding the problems involved in immigration and the integration of ethnic minorities and likewise to formulating their resolution in public policy. Academics for their part have reflected this growing political interest by rediscovering citizenship as a theoretical concept, going well beyond its formal legal meaning into discussions about its symbolic, affective and moral dimensions: citizenship as membership or belonging; citizenship as participation or duty. The present article attempts to bridge the gap between the two arenas of policy and theory and to show how abstract, normative discussions of citizenship can bear a relation to immigration questions in practice.

(New Community Vol. 23 No. 2: 173-195, © Carfax Publishing Ltd.)

International migration, rights, and the decline of 'actually existing liberal democracy'
Daiva K. Stasiulis

Abstract Theories of post-national rights for non-citizens presuppose a general trend in expansion in rights consistent with the growth of the post-World War Two welfare state. In the late twentieth century, the context for the negotiation of rights has altered dramatically such that most governments in capitalist democracies have accepted the priority of deficit reduction and global competitiveness over the promotion of social and redistributive justice. As unemployment and insecurity of citizens within advanced economies have deepened, immigration, refugee and citizenship policies have become more restrictive. Restrictive policies are supported by First World citizens defending declining public resources against growing numbers of Third World migrants, who are also ideologically constructed as ethnic/racial cultural threats. Policies of border fortification against undocumented and autonomous migrants have a spillover effect, leading to violence and undermining social citizenship rights for permanent residents. The article concludes that in order for deterritorialised human rights to become a reality, the negotiation of transborder rights must deal with obstacles such as the reluctance of states to cede control over immigration and non-citizen rights, and the weakness of international human rights, migrant worker and refugee conventions. Most importantly, post-national rights will have to combat the illiberal tendencies of 'actually existing liberal democracies' which have been accepted, however reluctantly, as a condition for participation of states in the global economy.

(New Community Vol. 23 No. 2: 197-214, © Carfax Publishing Ltd.)

Citizenship and political participation in France and the Netherlands: reflections on two local cases
Hassan Bousetta

Abstract This article analyses the collective political participation of Moroccan communities at the local level. It is a comparative study based on empirical material collected in the Dutch and French cities of Utrecht and Lille. These two local case studies serve as a basis for for an analysis of the significance of citizenship frameworks in shaping the political opportunities and constraints which these ethnic immigrant communities face. The comparison of French and Dutch citizenship concentrates on the political dimension of citizenship and on three aspects in particular, namely political formal rights, policy options, and ideological discourse. A conceptualisation of the local political integration field provides an additional analytical tool which allows the identification of similarities and differences in processes of political incorporation or exclusion at the local level. The article then moves on to describe, analyse and compare Moroccans’ collective mobilisation and political participation. An attempt is made to uncover the impact of both citizenship frameworks and local integration fields on the collective political participation of Moroccans. The empirical investigation reveals significant differences generated by the effect of citizenship frameworks. It also illuminates marked similarities in terms of outcome. In neither case have Moroccan communities significantly improved either their political representation or their capacity to influence political decisions on issues of collective importance.

(New Community Vol. 23 No. 2: 215-231, © Carfax Publishing Ltd.)

On what ‘ought’ to be : the flaw in employment equality practice for minorities
John Edwards

Abstract One of the most commonly used indicators of ethnic or racial inequality in employment is disparities in minority representation in certain occupations or job types. Under-representation in desired occupations is taken as prima facie evidence of discrimination in most affirmative action programmes. Affirmative action policy then requires that discrimination be eliminated and minority representation be increased until it matches the availability in labour draw areas.

(New Community Vol. 23 No. 2: 233-248, © Carfax Publishing Ltd.)

The Canadian experience with multiculturalism and employment equity: lessons for Europe
Hermann Kurthen

Abstract Canada has been at the forefront of states that have embraced official policies which not only respect but encourage pluralism and equality policies within public institutions and the surrounding society. This article examines some of the pro's and con's of Canada's legislated and state-supported multiculturalism and equal employment opportunity policy. Whereas the latter intends to address prejudice, discrimination, and inequality in the workplace, multiculturalism supports the expression and retention of voluntary collective identification reflecting a pragmatic response to practical problems for reasons of national identity, political unity, economic advantage, demographic need, and domestic peace as well as for international status and prestige. After providing an overview of major milestones and the rationale of the Canadian brand of multiculturalism and equity policy, this article explores how these concepts have been legitimated by proponents and criticised by adversaries as an ideology, institutionalised policy, and ethno-political movement. Finally, it will be asked what European nation-states can learn from the Canadian experience in responding to the challenges posed to their own societies.

(New Community Vol. 23 No. 2: 249-270, © Carfax Publishing Ltd.)

An index to measure the legal obstacles to the integration of migrants
Harald Waldrauch and Christoph Hofinger

Abstract Legal integration is often considered a precondition for the integration of immigrants into the society of a receiving country. The nature and the extent of the rights immigrants are eligible for has considerable bearing on their opportunities in, among other spheres, the labour- and the housing-market and in the educational system. European states differ considerably in the number and the nature of the rights they are willing to grant to immigrants and each state thereby creates a specific legal base of opportunities for the integration of immigrants. The present article summarises the method and results of a research project that aimed at building an index to measure the Legal Obstacles to the Integration of Immigrants. The goal of the LOI-index is to condense information on integration policies and to evaluate the liberality or restrictiveness of legal systems governing the integration of immigrants.