Volume 28, Number 3, July  2002

Articles
Reviews

Articles

Jacqueline Andall
Second-generation attitude? African-Italians in Milan [Abstract]

Lydia Morris
Britain’s asylum and immigration regime: the shifting contours of rights [Abstract]

Joanne Lindley
Race or religion? The impact of religion on the employment and earnings of Britain’s ethnic communities [Abstract]

Theodora Kostakopoulou
Long-term resident third-country nationals in the European Union: normative expectations and institutional openings [Abstract]

Per Gustafson
Globalisation, multiculturalism and individualism: the Swedish debate on dual citizenship [Abstract]

João Peixoto
Strong market, weak state: the case of recent foreign immigration in Portugal [Abstract]

Edward A. Fieldhouse, Virinder S. Kalra and Saima Alam
A New Deal for young people from minority ethnic communities in the UK  [Abstract]

Larissa Remennick
Transnational community in the making: Russian-Jewish immigrants of the 1990s in Israel  [Abstract]

Cecilia Menjívar 
Living in two worlds? Guatemalan-origin children in the United States and emerging transnationalism [Abstract]

Geum-Yong Lee and Ronald J. Angel
Living arrangements and Supplemental Security Income use among elderly Asians and Hispanics in the United States: the role of nativity and citizenship  [Abstract]

Reviews

Abstracts

Jacqueline Andall
Second-generation attitude? African-Italians in Milan
Abstract This article examines the emergence of the second generation in Italy. It draws on in-depth interviews with young African-Italians in Milan, concentrating on issues of citizenship and belonging. It is argued that being black and being Italian are still seen as mutually exclusive categories in Italy. Moreover, the subject of the second generation continues to be marginalised within the broader framework of the contemporary immigration debate in Italy. In Milan, a generally hostile political environment, incidents of everyday racism and, in many cases, blatant discrimination, can be seen to have contributed to young African-Italians’ propensity to identify with the wider black diaspora and to articulate a desire to seek better opportunities beyond Italy.
Keywords: African-Italians; milan; Second generation; Racism; Black diaspora; Citizenship
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 3: 389-487, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Lydia Morris
Britain’s asylum and immigration regime: the shifting contours of rights
Abstract This paper addresses the question of how to advance the sociology of migrants’ rights, in the context of universalist claims with regard to the emergence of ‘post-national’ rights. It is argued that attention should be paid to a more traditionally sociological approach which emphasises boundary drawing and the varied processes of inclusion and exclusion in the construction and implementation of rights – such as to constitute a system of ‘civic stratification’. This paper applies such an approach to an analysis of recent developments in Britain’s immigration and asylum regime, including the recent entry into force of the Human Rights Act.
Keywords: Civic stratification; Human rights; Immigration; Asylum; Social rights
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 3: 409-425, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Joanne Lindley
Race or religion? The impact of religion on the employment and earnings of Britain’s ethnic communities
Abstract  Religious affiliation is hypothesised to be an important determinant of earnings and employment. The aim of this paper is to establish whether religious divisions have a greater impact on employment and earnings than being a member of a particular ethnic group. Using conventional ethnic group classifications fails to identify differences within nationalities. Notable differences exist between Indian Sikhs and Hindus, as well as between Muslims and the other religious groups. However after controlling for religion, substantial ethnic labour market disadvantage is still apparent. Over and above religious differences, there is a significant employment penalty to British- and foreign-born, non-white males and an earnings penalty to foreign-born non-white males. This provides some evidence for the assimilation of non-white male earnings towards those for whites, but indicates no such assimilation in ethnic unemployment rates. For females, there is no employment penalty to non-whites, but a significant earnings penalty to those not fluent in English, once religious affiliation has been accounted for. Finally, this study finds evidence of a substantial disadvantage to Muslims, relative to all other non-whites. Approximately half of this can be explained by poorer characteristics; the residual is a pure Islamic penalty. 
Keywords: Religion; Discrimination; Unemployment; Earnings; Non-whites
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 3: 427-442, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Theodora Kostakopoulou
Long-term resident third-country nationals in the European Union: normative expectations and institutional openings
Abstract  Long-term resident third-country nationals in the European Union are no longer invisible. The Communitarisation of migration-related matters by the Amsterdam Treaty has opened up possibilities for the development of a comprehensive, legally binding and less restrictive framework as regards long-term resident third-country nationals. The Commission’s recently proposed directive aims at harmonising national laws governing the acquisition and scope of long-term resident status and granting long-term resident third-country nationals free movement rights within the Union. Although the grant of European denizenship is a welcome development, it should be seen as a first step towards equal membership and full political inclusion.
Keywords: European migration policy; European citizenship; Third-country nationals; Free movement; Multiculturalism
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 3: 443-462, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Per Gustafson
Globalisation, multiculturalism and individualism: the Swedish debate on dual citizenship
Abstract Since July 2001, Swedish citizenship law fully permits dual citizenship, whereas earlier legislation demanded that Swedish nationals, with some exceptions, should have only one citizenship. This paper analyses the arguments used in the debate preceding this new law. The opponents of dual citizenship usually defended a nation-state order, in which individuals should belong to one single nation-state and this belonging should be manifested in national citizenship. The proponents of dual citizenship, including the parliamentary majority, balanced the national perspective against, on the one hand, a global/international perspective and, on the other hand, an individual perspective. They frequently referred to globalisation, increasing international mobility, multiple national bonds and multiculturalism. They suggested that dual citizenship would facilitate the integration of immigrants in Sweden, whereas they moderated legal and political concerns, sometimes arguing that rights and obligations in today’s society are increasingly dissociated from national citizenship. Finally, the national perspective was at times explicitly subordinated to an individual perspective, which emphasised the experiences and desires of migrants – immigrants as well as expatriate Swedes. This perspective framed dual citizenship as a matter of individual choice, and often regarded citizenship as a personal attribute to be used for the construction of self-identity and meaning.
Keywords: Dual citizenship; Globalisation; Integration; Individualism; Sweden
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 3:  463-481, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd) 

João Peixoto
Strong market, weak state: the case of recent foreign immigration in Portugal
Abstract This paper examines the relationship between labour migration and national migration policies, taking the case of recent foreign immigration to Portugal. Two distinct types of flow are observed. Firstly, the low-skilled workers who have come into the Portuguese labour market since the late 1970s. These were initially mostly Africans and more recently Eastern Europeans. The difficulties of controlling these flows led to an inflection of Portuguese migration policy since the early 1990s, reflected in two regularisations of illegal immigrants and, recently, in the establishment of temporary labour permits. Secondly, the highly skilled segment of the labour force will be studied. Here we observe independent flows, coming mainly from Brazil, and others occurring within the framework of the internal labour markets of multinational corporations. These flows were hardly controlled, particularly as regards the recognition of foreign qualifications. The conclusion points to the relative strength of labour markets, at both national and organisational level, in originating flows, and to the relative weakness of states in regulating them. A first justification for this discrepancy is the increase of regulation problems resulting from globalisation. A second justification is the action of social networks: in fact, labour markets do not act strictly by themselves, but are activated by powerful social ties.
Keywords: Labour migration; Migration policies; Highly skilled migration; Portugal
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 3: 483-497, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Edward A. Fieldhouse, Virinder S. Kalra and Saima Alam
A New Deal for young people from minority ethnic communities in the UK
Abstract  The New Deal for Young People is central to the British Government’s labour market policy and their programme of welfare reform. Previous initiatives which were aimed at tackling youth unemployment failed to cater for the needs of one of the most disadvantaged populations in Britain: minority ethnic youth. This paper reports upon research conducted in Oldham (North-West of England), and examines the experiences of 75 young people, mainly from minority ethnic communities. This qualitative longitudinal study of New Deal participants explores the extent to which the New Deal meets their needs and expectations. We find that, despite the evidence of negative views towards training schemes in the past, the experiences of minority ethnic young people in Oldham have been encouraging and seem to match those of white people, both in Oldham and elsewhere. In particular, benefits in relation to employability were recognised by many young people. Participants perceived increased levels of confidence and the development of new skills. However, those avoiding or dropping out of the New Deal are much more critical, and there is a danger that the New Deal those young people who are best able to help themselves. 
is helping only Keywords: New deal for young people; Ethnic differences; Government training schemes; Oldham; Employability
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 3: 499-513, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

 Larissa Remennick
Transnational community in the making: Russian-Jewish immigrants of the 1990s in Israel
Abstract  Drawing on integrated analysis of Israeli statistics and social research (including a 2001 survey among 800 Russian Israelis), this article explores the birth of a transnational community of Russian Jews living in Israel and in other branches of the post-Soviet diaspora. The theoretical focus of the paper is the relationship between transnationalism and immigrant integration in the host country. It is shown that due to its timing and composition, the Russian immigration of the 1990s was transnational at the outset. Transnational activities among Russian Israelis lie mainly in the socio-cultural realm and are intertwined with cultural separatism from the host society. During the 1990s, Russian-speakers, making 20 per cent of the Jewish population in Israel, have created a thriving subculture of their own. It is shown that reliance on co-ethnic networks plays a double role in the life of Israeli Russians. On the one hand, it empowers the weakest and the least integrated segments of the Russian community, attenuating their dependency on the host society. Yet, at the same time, it hampers economic success and social integration of many other immigrants, and reinforces cultural conflict between the newcomers and old-timers in Israel. 
Keywords: Transnationalism; Cultural separatism; Russian Jews; Israel
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 3: 515-530, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Cecilia Menjívar 
Living in two worlds? Guatemalan-origin children in the United States and emerging transnationalism
Abstract This paper examines the possibilities for transnational activities among the 1.5 and second generations and focuses on the effects of both social positions, such as class and ethnicity and receiving and sending state actions and policies on the potential for the maintenance of these generations’ transnational ties. Empirically it is based on the experiences of poor Guatemalan indigenous and non-indigenous children living in Los Angeles – who are often members of ‘transnational families’ – as seen through the institutional spaces of the church and the maintenance of language. The study demonstrates that class and ethnicity affect the perceptions that the children’s generations have of their parents’ efforts to keep them connected to their places of origin, and argues that the nation-state, through its policies to limit movement across borders, is still a powerful actor that leads immigrants to focus on the host countries, particularly the children’s generations. In the Guatemalan case there are only few opportunities and spaces that may foster the children’s ties to the communities of origin; thus, this generation is not nearly as inclined as the parent’s to remain linked to the origin communities.
Keywords: Guatemalan immigrants; Los Angeles; Transnationalism; Second generation; Religion; Language
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 3: 531-552, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Geum-Yong Lee and Ronald J. Angel
Living arrangements and Supplemental Security Income use among elderly Asians and Hispanics in the United States: the role of nativity and citizenship
Abstract  In this analysis we compare the living arrangements and receipt of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) among older, non-institutionalised adults in five Asian and three Hispanic-origin groups in the United States. Living arrangements and SSI serve as indicators of structural incorporation and our primary objective is to identify the role of nativity (native versus foreign-born) and citizenship status (non-citizen versus naturalised citizen) on living arrangements and SSI receipt. We are also interested in identifying differences among these eight groups. In order to do so, we employ a combined sample from the 3 per cent 1990 United States Public Use Sample (PUMS) and a 5 per cent sample of individuals over 65 (PUMS-O) to achieve adequate coverage. The data reveal great diversity among the eight groups, but also reveal substantial similarity between naturalised citizens, that is, those who are foreign-born but who have become citizens, and the native-born. Our findings suggest that the process of structural incorporation is well under way among the naturalised foreign-born, and that it is important to differentiate between citizens and non-citizens in developing immigration and welfare policy. It is also increasingly clear that in the US context we must begin to differentiate among Asian-origin groups in the same way that we do among Hispanic groups in social scientific research.
Keywords: Elderly; Asians; Hispanics; Citizenship; Income; Migration
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 3: 553-563, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)