Volume 28, Number 4, October  2002

Special issue: EU Enlargement and East-West migration
Guest editors: Adrian Favell and Randall Hansen

Articles
Reviews
Abstracts

Articles

Adrian Favell , Randall Hansen
Markets against politics: migration, EU enlargement and the idea of Europe [Abstract]

Claire Wallace
Opening and closing borders: migration and mobility in East-Central Europe [Abstract]

Marek Kupiszewski
How trustworthy are forecasts of international migration between Poland and the European Union? [Abstract]

Allan M. Williams , Vladimir Baláz
Trans-border population mobility at a European crossroads: Slovakia in the shadow of EU accession [Abstract]

Valsamis Mitsilegas
The implementation of the EU acquis on illegal immigration by the candidate countries of Central and Eastern Europe: challenges and contradictions [Abstract]

Elena Jileva,
Visa and free movement of labour: the uneven imposition of the EU acquis on the accession states [Abstract]

Sandra Lavenex
EU enlargement and the challenge of policy transfer: the case of refugee policy [Abstract]

Georg Menz
Patterns in EU labour immigration policy: national initiatives and European responses [Abstract]

Reviews

Abstracts

Adrian Favell , Randall Hansen
Markets against politics: migration, EU enlargement and the idea of Europe
Abstract This article examines new migration to Europe in the context of EU enlargement and debates about fortress Europe, framing the general agenda for the papers that follow in this special issue. We argue that the (normatively informed) image of fortress Europe is an inadequate account of migration and migration policy in Europe in three respects: the movement of family members, asylum-seekers and labour migrants has been substantially positive; enlargement itself generates dynamics of inclusion as much as exclusion; and there exists a significant component of intra-European circulatory migration. Against the fortress account, the article offers a market-driven analysis of new migration to Europe. In developing this account, we stress how existing theoretical accounts of immigration policy - dominated by a state-centred institutionalist and political focus - offer at best only partial explanations of the new European migration scenario. Both neo-liberal and older Marxian theories of the international immigration labour market need to be re-introduced to explain the selective, expansive and reconfiguring effect of market forces on European immigration policies. Our aim is to underline how new tendencies in East-West migration in Europe challenge and transform the traditional migrant trajectory from migrant to citizen that lies at the heart of state-centred accounts.
Keywords: Immigration, Labour Migration, Asylum, Integration, Fortress, Europe, Citizenship, Enlargement, Schengen
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 4: 581-601, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Claire Wallace
Opening and closing borders: migration and mobility in East-Central Europe
Abstract This paper considers the effects of migration since 1989 for Poland, Hungary and the Czech and Slovak Republics - countries which have been crucially affected by the opening of borders to the European Union. There has not only been migration from these countries, but also into these countries; the former has declined and the latter has increased in the last ten years. The paper argues, however, that this migration most often takes the form of short-term circulatory movements. It considers a number of factors which account for this and explain why migration is not as high as had been expected (and feared) and why it might be better described as mobility. The paper goes on to consider the effects of migration on the host societies, especially in terms of xenophobia, using the World Values Survey data for 1980, 1990 and 1995 and the New Democracies Barometer for 1998. Finally, the paper considers the role of migration in these countries in relation to an enlarged EU.
Keywords: Migration, Mobility, Borders, Accession, Eastern And Central Europe
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 4: 603-625, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Marek Kupiszewski
How trustworthy are forecasts of international migration between Poland and the European Union?
Abstract: The paper examines forecasts of international migration between Poland and the EU. It focuses on the analysis and evaluation of the methodology and results of some of these forecasts from a demographic point of view. The first issue considered is the diversity of forms of international mobility of population and its significance for migration forecasting. Then the impact of the difference in definitions of international migrations and differences in migration data arising from them are discussed. An estimate of the maximum net migration from Poland to the European Union based on historic flows is made. This information is used to evaluate the feasibility of selected forecasts of international migration from Poland after entry to the European Union.
Keywords: International Migration, Enlargement, Forecast, European Union, Poland
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 4: 627-645, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Allan M. Williams , Vladimir Baláz
Trans-border population mobility at a European crossroads: Slovakia in the shadow of EU accession
Abstract: The proposed enlargement of the European Union has focused attention on the implications for both those who do and those who do not become members in the 'first wave'. While discussions have largely centred on labour migration there are complex forms of mobility across different boundaries. This is illustrated through a case study of trans-border mobility between Slovakia and neighbouring countries in the EU, Central Eastern Europe, and the CIS. The paper stresses the complex geography of mobility, which is determined by the porosity of borders, the institutional context and regional economic complementarities. It also explores both the changing forms of labour migration and of shopping and petty-trading mobility. While highlighting the significance of EU enlargement for these deeply embedded patterns of mobility, it also emphasises the need to consider some of the broader influences such as international capital flows.
Keywords: Mobility, Slovakia, Eu Enlargement, Migration, Retailing
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 4: 647-664, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Valsamis Mitsilegas
The implementation of the EU acquis on illegal immigration by the candidate countries of Central and Eastern Europe: challenges and contradictions
Abstract: One of the major issues in the process of EU eastward enlargement has been the ability of the candidate countries to assume membership of the Schengen zone and to effectively guard the external border of the Union post-accession. The debate is inextricably linked with the development of the EU as an 'area of freedom, security and justice' which has resulted in increasing EU action in matters related to illegal immigration and organised crime, and arguably a reproduction of the Schengen repressive logic within the EU. In this context, a condition of membership for candidate countries is the full implementation of the EU acquis on illegal immigration and border controls. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the challenges facing these countries towards the achievement of this goal. The analysis will focus on the Czech and Slovak Republics, until recently in different accession 'waves', and Poland, a 'first-wave' country with a different geopolitical position. The paper will attempt to demonstrate that the attainment of the highly repressive EU acquis in the field - which is mainly the result of a consistent securitisation of migration in EU policy discourse and legislation - not only fails to correspond to a clearly defined problem, but also poses to candidate countries a series of multifaceted challenges (legal, socio-political, economic, organisational and last, but not least, symbolic) which, if disregarded, may create more problems than those the acquis attempts to address.
Keywords: Illegal Immigration, Trafficking, Border Controls, Eu Enlargement, Central And Eastern Europe
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 4: 665-682, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Elena Jileva,
Visa and free movement of labour: the uneven imposition of the EU acquis on the accession states
Abstract: This article analyses the extension of the European Union's visa policy and the principle of free movement of labour to the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries in the light of EU eastern enlargement policy. On the one hand, under the conditions of EU accession the CEE countries are required to adopt in full the EU's visa policy - even prior to accession, although some EU member states are granted a derogation. On the other hand, the EU has adopted a restrictive policy on free movement of labour from the CEE countries by introducing transitional periods after their accession, while at the same time encouraging labour mobility of EU citizens. The article demonstrates that with regard to these two aspects of free movement of people, the EU treats the CEE candidate states as members as far as the obligations of EU membership are concerned and as third countries as to its benefits.
Keywords: Eu Visa Policy, Free Movement Of Labour, Eu Eastern Enlargement
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 4: 683-700, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Sandra Lavenex
EU enlargement and the challenge of policy transfer: the case of refugee policy
Abstract: This article examines EU enlargement in the area of refugee policies as a process of policy transfer guided by the intergovernmental activities of EU member states with limited involvement of EU institutions. Giving an overview of asylum legislation in the ten Central and Eastern European candidate countries since the early 1990s, this article assesses the relationship between internal and external influences in the shaping of asylum policies and reflects on the scope of convergence in the candidate countries. Starting from the observation of the incomplete and still very much fragmented nature of the EU asylum acquis, it is shown that all candidate countries have adopted its main restrictive elements, regardless of practical difficulties in their implementation and important differences with regard to past and present experiences with refugee flows.
Keywords: Asylum Policy, Central And Eastern Europe, Eu Enlargement, Policy Transfer
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 4: 701-721, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)

Georg Menz
Patterns in EU labour immigration policy: national initiatives and European responses
Abstract: The article proposes an analytical framework for the analysis of EU labour immigration policy. Internal immigration policy is produced by top-down liberalisation and bottom-up national re-regulation, coloured by national interest associations and political engineering of the migration topic. External immigration policy may be created through bottom-up osmosis of national or bilateral initiatives. The EU liberalisation of service provision and its national re-regulation and the recent Austrian and German temporary labour migration programmes are analysed as empirical cases. The implications for the impending EU eastward enlargement are considered.
Keywords: European Union, Labour Migration, Immigration Policy, Social Policy, Eu Enlargement
(Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 28 No. 4: 723-742, © 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd)